I recently contributed to a zine being put together by Zinederella. The theme was “crush”. It’s always fun to see how different people approach the same topic. You can find my submission — entitled “Giles Corey” — down below, mostly so that this blog can serve as an archive. I really encourage you to read the whole thing, (some of it is in Dutch). You might also want to check out their previous zine: “De Middelgrote Anti-Vergaderzine”.
Giles Corey
How long will you vex my soul, and crush me with words? Job 19:2
In 1692 the town of Salem, Massachusetts was swept up in witch-hunting mania. Accusations flew like feathers on a chicken ranch, insane trials were held involving “spectral evidence”, and twenty innocent people were hanged. In 1953, as a not-so-subtle critique of the McCarthyist anti-Communist hysterics of the time, Arther Miller dramatized the Salem witch trials in his play the The Crucible. Considered a classic, it has since become a staple of high school English classes across the United States, which is where I encountered the story of Giles Corey for the first time.
On April 18, 1692, at the age of 90, Giles Corey was arrested and accused of witchcraft. While others either stubbornly maintained their innocence, or promptly confessed and named names to save their own necks, Giles Corey did neither. He refused to “put himself on the court”. He remained silent. This wasn’t merely unusual, but also problematic. At the time the law saw itself fit only to pass judgment over those who submitted to its authority. There could be no trial until Giles recognized the legitimacy of the court and entered a plea one way, or the other: innocent, or guilty. The 1797 Encyclopedia Britannica explains what happened next in such cases:
The English judgment of penance for standing mute was as follows: That the prisoner be remanded to the prison from whence he came and put into a low dark chamber and there be laid on his back on the bare floor naked unless where decency forbids that there be placed upon his body as great a weight of iron as he could bear and more that he have no sustenance save only on the first day three morsels of the worst bread and on the second day three draughts of standing water that should be nearest to the prison door and in this situation this should be alternately his daily diet till he died, or, till he answered.
The procedure was called peine fort et dure, hard and forceful punishment. These days it is better known as pressing or crushing. It was extremely rare. The threat of excruciating pain was usually enough to engender cooperation. And yet, we read in the diary of Samuel Sewall, one of the judges at the trials:
Monday, September 19, 1692. About noon, at Salem, Giles Corey was press’d to death for standing mute; much pains was used with him two days, one after another, by the Court and Capt. Gardner of Nantucket, who had been of his acquaintance: but all in vain.
I can’t tell if he’s sad that Giles is dead, or sad that there was no opportunity for a trial. There is some confusion as to why exactly Giles Corey chose not to stand trial. Arther Miller represents a popular view:
Elizabeth: Giles is dead.
Proctor: (He looks at her incredulously.) When were he hanged?
Elizabeth: (quietly, factually) He were not hanged. He would not answer aye or nay to his indictment; for if he denied the charge they’d hang him surely, and auction out his property. So he stand mute, and died Christian under the law. And so his sons will have his farm. It is the law, for he could not be condemned a wizard without he answer the indictment, aye or nay.
Except that wasn’t the law. His heirs would have received what little inheritance there was either way. I prefer to think that Giles chose not to submit to the court as an act of defiance out of contempt for the insane perversion of justice that was afoot. Which is why, although there is no official record of his last words, I am inclined to believe the oral tradition, which Miller follows in his play.
Elizabeth: Great stones they lay upon his chest until he pleads aye or nay. (With a tender smile for the old man.) They say he give them but two words. ‘More weight,’ he says. And died.
Proctor: (numbed — a thread to weave into his agony) ‘More weight’.
Can you imagine that? Can you imagine being crushed to death and calling for more weight? That image has always lingered in my mind. It’s not his death, but the moments right before it when he’s on his back, helpless, vulnerable, with stones being added to the pile one by one, naked to the raw weight. As Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Giles Corey of the Salem Farms:
Gardener: It is an awful death.
Corey: ‘T is but to drown, And have the weight of all the seas upon you.
The intention was not to kill him, but subdue. This was not the execution of justice, but the Law desperately trying to get ahold of Giles Corey in the only way it knows how. The world grabs your body and pushes on every square-inch at once — gravity tugging at you from below, the thick atmosphere smothering you from above — as it tries to translate grotesque force on the body into power over the soul through sheer overwhelming presence, all the while whispering in your ear, like O’Brien in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.
We shall crush you down to the point from which there is no coming back. Things will happen to you from which you could not recover, if you lived a thousand years. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you with ourselves.
And we reply, in a hacking gasping whisper that fools no one, “more weight”.




Photo stolen from the ANP.









